Yakima War

The Yakima War was a conflict between the United States and the Yakama, a Sahaptian-speaking people on the Northwest Plateau, then Washington Territory and now the southern interior of Eastern Washington, from 1855 to 1858.

Contents

Naming

This conflict is also referred to as the Yakima Indian War of 1855 and is often seen as a continuation of the Cayuse War, which began in 1848, and its last phase is also known as the Coeur d'Alene War or Palouse War. Together the Cayuse and Yakima Wars overall were the largest of the many Indian Wars in the newly-declared Oregon (1848) and Washington Territories (1853), which were formed in the wake of the partition of the Oregon Country with Britain by the Treaty of Washington of 1846, although the later Nez Perce War is generally more well-known.

Background

In the mid-19th Century the Yakama Indians lived along the Columbia and Yakima Rivers on the plateau north of the Columbia, on the inland side of the Cascade Range. In addition to long-standing relations with neighbouring tribes, they also had a long-established trade relationship with the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC), based out of Forts Vancouver, Walla Walla and Okanagan dating back to the first trade with whites via the traders of the North West Company (which was later absorbed into the HBC). The Cayuse and Yakama and other peoples of the region, all former clients of the HBC and friendly with the "King George" (British) and "Pasiooks" (French Canadian/Metis) traders of the Hudson's Bay, found themselves facing different attitudes and policies for dealing with aboriginal peoples. With the added pressure of an impending flood of settlers, this led to conflicts throughout the former Oregon Country.

In May and June 1855, Isaac Stevens, the first governor of the newly formed Washington Territory, and Joel Palmer, Superintendent of the Oregon Territory, enacted three treaties at the Walla Walla Council (1855). The Walla Walla, the Umatilla and the Cayuse tribes were coerced to move from 4,000,000 acres (16,000 km2) of tribal lands to a reservation in northeastern Oregon. Over time, this was reduced down to 95,000 acres (380 km2). In the second treaty, fourteen different tribal groups agreed to go onto the Yakama Indian Reservation, giving up a combined 29,000 square miles (75,000 km2) of land. Under the third treaty, the Nez Perce were confined to a reservation that included parts of southeastern Washington, northeastern Oregon, and west-central Idaho.

The same year gold was discovered on the recently established Yakama reservation, and conflict erupted between encroaching white miners and tribes of the Plateau. The tribes eventually united together under the leadership of Yakama chief Kamiakin, marking the start of the Yakima War.

War

Cascades Massacre

The Cascades Massacre was an attempt to repel white settlers who had usurped the land of Native Americans at the Cascades Rapids that occurred on March 26, 1856. The native attackers included warriors from the Yakama, Klickitat, and Cascades tribes. Fourteen settlers and three soldiers died in the attack, the most losses for the invading forces during the Yakima War. U.S. reinforcements arrived on the following day to drive out the original inhabitants. The Yakama people were able to evade prosecution, but nine Cascades, including Chief Chenoweth, were charged and executed for "treason".[1]

Puget Sound War

The U.S. Army arrived in the summer of 1856 and that August Robert S. Garnett supervised the construction of Fort Simcoe as a military post. Initially the conflict was limited to the Yakama, but eventually the Walla Walla and Cayuse were drawn into the war, following the lead of the Yakama, and a number of raids and battles took place. Perhaps the best known of these raids culminated in the Battle of Seattle in which an unknown number of raiders briefly crossed the Cascade Range to engage settlers, Marines and the U.S. Navy before retiring.

Coeur d'Alene War

The last phase of the conflict, sometimes referred to as the Coeur d'Alene War, came in 1858. General Newman S. Clarke commanded the Department of the Pacific and sent a force under Col. George Wright to deal with the recent fighting. At the Battle of Four Lakes, near Spokane, Washington, (September 1858), Wright inflicted a decisive defeat on the Indians. He then called a council of all the local Indians at Latah Creek (southwest of Spokane), and there on September 23 imposed a peace treaty, under which most of the tribes were to go to reservations.

Aftermath

Kamiakin fled north to what was then the Colony of British Columbia (later a part of Canada). Twenty four other chiefs were either hanged or shot. According to accounts by survivors, some of those who had surrendered, e.g. Qualchan, were summarily executed by the United States Army.[2] The Yakama people were forced onto a reservation south of the present city of Yakima.

See also

References

  1. ^ {{cite book - |author=various - |title=Mary Moses's Statement - |publisher=Ye Galleon Press - |year=1988|isbn=0-87770-453-8}}

Literature

External links